Assignment on different Chemical fibres in textile engineering

Introduction

Textiles as the second need of basic needs of human. Chemical fiber is one of the most used fibers in textile industry. It includes a wide range of enormous fibers. Besides theoretically chemical fiber is also important for us in order to acquire a vast knowledge within our limit. It’s manufacturing cost is lower than natural fiber. For this reason it is widely used in preparing fabric. Those fiber are used not only used for preparing fabric but also in washing and dyeing sector. By having a view of the growth of synthetic fiber we can easily understand how important the chemical fiber is.

Objects

•  To know the definition and classification of Chemical fiber.
•  To know the definition, characteristics and properties of different Chemical fibers.  To know the structure and production flow-chart of different Chemical fibers.
•  To know the use of different Chemical fibers in different sector.  To compare fiber properties within different Chemical fibers.
•  To knowing the characteristics of different fiber we can also know what type of Chemical fibers are used in spinning, winding and dyeing sector.
•  To know the Global production of manufactured fiber.
•  To know the news and idea of international chemical fiber products meeting.

Chemical fiber

• A term sometimes used in reference to manufactured fibers. A literal translation of various non-English terms having the same meaning as manufactured fiber or man- made fiber.
  
  
• A fiber that does not occur in nature, although the material of which it is composed may occur naturally.
  
  
• A class name for various genera of fibers (including filaments) produced from fiber- forming substances which may be: (1) polymers synthesized from chemical compounds, e.g., acrylic, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl fibers; (2) modified or transformed natural polymers, e.g., alginic and cellulose-based fibers such as acetates and rayons; and (3) minerals, e.g., glasses. The term manufactured usually refers to all chemically produced fibers to distinguish them from the truly natural fibers such as cotton, wool, silk, flax, etc.
  
  
• A fiber manufactured from a polymer built up from chemical elements or compounds, in contrast to fiber made from naturally occurring fiber-forming polymers.

Types of Chemical Fibers

Regenerated Fibers

Cellulose (natural polymer) contained in the wood pulp or cotton is once solved with chemicals and then regenerated into fibers.

Rayon Fibers Cuprammonium Fibers Polynosic Fibers

Semi-Synthetic Fibers

After treated with chemical agents, natural materials such as cellulose or protein are re-generated into fibers.

Acetate Fibers Triacetate Fibers Promix Fibers

Synthetic Fibers

Fibers manufactured from products artificially synthesized from petroleum as raw materials.

Polyester Fibers Acrylic Fibers

Polychlal Fibers Modacrylic Fibers

Polypropyrene Fibers Nylon Fibers

Polyurethane Fibers Vinylon Fibers

Polyvinyl Chloride Fibers Vinylidene Fiber

Polyethylene Fibers Benzoate Fibers Aramid Fibers

Inorganic Fibers

Fibers of inorganic products manufactured from metals and glass. A carbon fiber is also included in these fibers.

Glass Fibers Metallic Fibers Carbon Fibers

Global production of manufactured fiber

Global production of manufactured fiber was 36.0million metric tons in 2002, an increase of 155%from the 14.1 million tons produced in 1982. Overthe past twenty years synthetic types,

1. polyester,have shown strong long-term growth, while cellulosicshave declined. Synthetics now account for 94%of worldwide production.
   
   
   
   In 2002 global production - in million metric tons - for the key fiber types was: polyester 21.0, olefin 5.9, nylon 3.9, and acrylic 2.7. Over the past twenty years, polyester has maintained a substantial lead involume. Olefin fibers have shown strong growth from a low base and now surpass nylon and acrylic fibers in production volume.
   
   Individual fiber production patterns have resulted in significant shifts in fiber shares.Polyester production share has moved from 37% in 1982 to 58% in 2002, a 21% absolute share gain. Olefin share has grown from 7% in 1982 to 17% in 2002.
   
   
   
   Growth in synthetic fiber production has resulted in a major shift in production from North America and Europe to Asia. In 2002 Asian production was 20.0 million metric tons compared with 4.7 in North America, 3.4 in Europe. Production in Eastern Europe has declined significantly – from a peak of 1.9 million metric tons in the late 1980’s to 0.9 in 2002.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

   Cellulosic fiber production peaked in the early1980’s at 3 million metric tons. Since then, the regional trend has been characterized by strong growth in Asia offset by drastic decline in EasternEurope – from peak production of 1.1 million metric tons in the early 1980’s to 92 thousand tons in 2002. In the same period Asian production moved up by 660 thousand tons and accounted for 69% of global production in 2002. All other regions experienced decline.
   
   
   
   Asian share of synthetic fiber production was 65% in 2002. This compares with a North American and Western Europe combined share of 46% in 1982, down to 27% in 2002. The other significant shift in the twenty-year period was Eastern Europe – moving from 17% to 2%. Other regions in that period including South America, the Middle East and Oceania experienced consistent growth.
   
   
   
   From 1982 through 2002 trend growth for all manufactured fibers was 4.8%. For the twenty year period, synthetics grew at 5.7% per year, while cellulosics declined at a rate of 1.6% per year. Within the synthetic group, olefin grew at 9.0%, polyester at 7.3%, acrylic at 1.4% and nylon at 1.6%. The twenty year average annual growth trend by region reflects 8.8% growth in Asia, 2.1% growth in North America, 1.9% in Western Europe, and 4.3% for all other regions. Eastern Europe declined at 8.7% per year from a peak production in 1988.
   
   
   
   
   
   In 1997 global growth was 11.5%, strikingly above trend line growth of 5% per year. In 1998 growth declined to 3.4%, precipitated by the Asian currency crisis but aggravated by over built global inventories and several years of over expansion of global capacity forcing production to unsustainable growth rates. Growth accelerated in 1999 and 2000 to 4.6% and 6.6% respectively In 2001, for the first time in history, worldwide synthetic production decline by 0.6% to be followed by a 6.1% increase in 2002.
   
   
   International chemical fiber meeting
   
   
   • ( 2008 ) international chemical fiber products purchase meeting
     
     
     The 4th ( 2008 ) international chemical fiber products purchase meeting will be held on March 25th - 28th, 2008 in Tongxiang city of China, sponsored by China Chemical Fiber Association and Tongxiang City Government and organized by Information Center of CCFA and Ruiheng International Co., Ltd. The buyers and sellers/merchants of chemical fiber industry in the world will be invited to attend this meeting.
     The same international chemical fiber products purchase meeting have been held successfully in China with three times during past three years and the representative from 330 companies attended to these meetings. The total quantity of purchase contract reached 800,000tons in past meetings, the involved product have 63 kinds, and equipment purchase contract for 2 sets polyester staple fiber plants with capacity 30,000tons/year and 1 set acrylic fiber plant
     with capacity 100,000tons/year also had been signed in these meetings. So far this international chemical fiber products purchase meeting have been one of the most important purchase path for international buyers to buy chemical fiber products in the world especially in China. More and more buyers and sellers in chemical fiber industry got great benefit from this meeting. The attendees can get full knowledge of the lastest chemical fiber industry advices and market information in the world especially in China and also can meet many new customers and friends from different countries and area through this meeting. This meeting can help buyers to save a lot of time and energy to find suitable source and manufacturers and also help sellers to get more customers and orders. The Credit certification service and tracking service after meeting from organizer will provide strong support and protection for international buyers to purchase Chinese products. The organizer will offer products match for attendees in advance so that each of attendee can find suitable partners during this meeting.
     China is the main make base of chemical fiber in the world. The 1/3 total capacity of chemical fiber is from China. There are more than 10,000 chemical fiber manufacturers with different scale in China, they can offer about 10 millions tons chemical fiber products each year for global market and almost can satisfy various product demand from customers. The Chinese numerous manufacturers and good quality products have been the first choice target to global purchaser and merchants. Zhejiang and Jiangsu province is the main chemical fiber base in China and 80% Chinese chemical fiber manufacturers are concentrated in these two provinces. Tongxiang city locate in Zhejing province and it is the main make base of polyester POY, FDY, DTY and various yarn in China. Most of local chemical fiber manufacturers also will attend 2008 meeting. We believe that attendees will get the same rich harvest in 2008 international chemical fiber products purchase meeting as before meeting.
     
     

   • 2007 International Polyester Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting

     
     
     2007 International Polyester Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting was successfully held during March 26th-29th in Cixi city of China, 406 Chinese and foreign attendants were present to this matched meeting, representing 138 companies from America, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Poland, Russia, Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Brazil, India, Mexico, Canada and China. A Mexican chemical fiber delegation with 40 persons attended this meeting too.
     During meeting of 4 days, there were order-supply agreements reached between 35 enterprises, in which a volume of 352,000 tons of chemical fiber products were involved. It include polyester fiber(POY, DTY, FDY) and yarn with 160,000 tons, polyester staple fiber(PSF) with 130,000 tons, nylon fiber and yarn with 50,000 tons, spandex, viscose and other yarn with 12,000 tons. The experts from industry association introduced the profile of China chemical fiber market in this meeting. The international buyers also had been invited to inspect the main China chemical fiber manufacturers and local chemical fiber products wholesale markets during this meeting.
     
     

     • 2006 International Polyester Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting

       
       
       2006 International Polyester Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting was successfully held during March 24th-27th in Wujiang city of China, 187 Chinese and foreign attendants were present to this matched meeting, representing 87 companies from America, Italy, Spain, Honduras, Kuwait, Poland, Bengal, Singapore, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Vietnam, Egypt, Germany, Taiwan, Hongkong and China. Not only China main producers and customers attended this fair, but also some international big manufacturers and main purchasers dispatched delegate to attend this meeting
       The purchase products included PET chip, Recycle PET flakes, POY, FDY, DTY, PSF, industrial yarn, polyester yarn. A volume of 142,000 tons of polyester products was projected during three meeting dates only according to statistic after this matched meeting.
       
       

     • 2006 International Nylon/Spandex Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting

       
       

       2005 International Nylon/Spandex Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting was successfully held during September 24th-27th in Hangzhou of China. 95 attendees attended this nylon/spandex fiber buyer-seller meeting. The attendees came from 67 companies. The attendees came from Italy, Turkey, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, South Africa, Danmark, Egypt, Iran, India, Pakistan, and China

       During meeting of 4 days, there were order-supply agreements reached between 27 enterprises, in which a volume of 53,000 tons of nylon fiber products were involved. It include nylon 6 dipped tyre Cord with 25,000 tons, nylon fiber (FDY, DTY) with 26,000 tons and relevant other products with 2,000 tons. Moreover the contract of spandex fiber with 11,000 tons had been signed during this meeting.

       
       

   • 2005 International Acrylic Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting

     
     
     2005 International Acrylic Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting was successfully held during August 23rd-26th in Shanghai of China. Total 85 persons from 41 manufacturers attended this buyer-seller meeting. The attendees came from Hungary, Germany, India, Belarus, Thailand, Iran and China.
     During meeting of 4 days, there were order-supply agreements reached between 12 enterprises, in which a volume of 38,000 tons of acrylic fiber products were involved. It includes Acrylonitrile with 17,000 tons, acrylic tow with 6,000 tons, acrylic staple fiber with 11,000 tons and acrylic yarn with 4000 tons. A draft contract of acrylic fiber machinery has been signed during meeting. The government officers from Chinese industry association introduced the profile of China acrylic fiber market in this meeting also.
     
     

   • 2005 International Polyester Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting

     
     
     2005 International Polyester Fiber Buyer-Seller Meeting was successfully held during March 15th-19th in Hangzhou of China, a city located in the eastern part of China and is also known as a beautiful sightseeing city near Shanghai. There were 203 attendees present at this polyester fiber sourcing meeting, both Chinese and foreign representing 78 domestic and foreign enterprises. The attendees came from America, Mexico, Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, India, Pakistan, Canada, Poland, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia and China During meeting of 4 days, there were order-supply agreements reached between 26 enterprises, in which a volume of 115,000 tons of polyester fiber products were involved. It include polyester fiber(POY, DTY, FDY) with 40,000 tons, polyester staple fiber(PSF) with 50,000 tons, polyester PET chip with 20,000 tons and polyester industrial yarn with 5000 tons. The government officers from Chinese industry association introduced the profile of China chemical fiber market in this meeting. The international buyers also had been invited to inspect the main China chemical fiber manufacturers and local chemical fiber products wholesale markets during this meeting.
     
     CHEM PAGE- 40
     
     
     
     
     
     Polyester
     
     
     Generic name for a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % by weight of an ester of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid which is derived from polyethylene terephthalate.
     Although there are many polyesters, the term "polyester" as a specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include naturally-occurring chemicals, such as in the cutin of plant cuticles, as well as synthetics such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate.
     
     

     Production

     
     
     
     

     Polyester Fiber Characteristics

     
     
     • Resistant to stretching and shrinking
     • Resistant to most chemicals
     • Quick drying
     • Crisp and resilient when wet or dry
     • Strong
     • Wrinkle resistant
     • Mildew resistant
     • Abrasion resistant
     • Retains heat-set pleats and crease
     • Easily washed

Some Major Polyester Fiber Uses

[FOR CLOTHING]

Women's and Children's Wear, Men's Wear, Pupils' Uniforms, Lining, Rain Coat, Dress Shirts, Blouses, Working Wear, Neckties, Socks,

Sweaters, Knitted Underwear, Japanese Dresses, Sports Wear, etc.

[FOR HOME FURNISHINGS AND BEDDING]

Curtain, Table Cloth, Blankets, Wadding for Bedding, Sheets, etc.

[FOR INDUSTRIAL USES]

Sheet, Hoses, Tire Cords, Belts, Filter Cloth, Fishing Nets, Ropes, Canvas, Tents, etc.

[FOR OTHER USES]

Umbrellas, Sewing Threads, Synthetic Leather, Artificial Leather, etc.

Table : World polyester production

Market size per year
Product Type	2002 [Mio t/a]	2008 [Mio t/a]
Textile-PET	20	39
Resin, Bottle/A-PET	9	16
Film-PET	1.2	1.5
Special Polyester	1	2.5
TOTAL	31.2	4

CARE INSTRUCTIONS

The redeposition may occur if washed with heavily dirty cloth, or soaked in washing solution for a long period of time The redeposition is a phenomena that clean fibers absorb the dirt resulting in dark hue. When washing clothes of white or light color When washing, avoid washing with other dirty clothes and try to wash for a short period of time.

Polyvinyl chloride

Polyvinyl chloride fibers are invented in Germany in 1931 and earliest fibers among synthetic fibers. Vinyl chloride is polymerized into polyvinyl chloride and is spun into polyvinyl chloride fibers. Polyvinyl chloride (IUPAC Polychloroethene) (PVC) is a very widely used plastic that varies from rigid to very flexible, depending upon additives. It has quite good resistance to most dyeing chemicals, with the exception of carriers for disperse dyes. PVC pipe, intended for plumbing use, is popular for ‘forms’ around which to wrap fabric for direct dye application techniques such as shibori. Temperature resistance depends on additives and

varies considerably. PVC is used extensively as water-proofing coatings on fabrics and for imitation leather.

Fig: Polyvinyl chloride

Properties

Young's modulus (E)	2900-3300 MPa
Tensile strength(σt)Density	50-80 MPa or,32-36kg/mm2 1380 kg/m3
Elongation at break	20-40%
Notch test	2-5 kJ/m²
Glass temperature	87 °C
Melting point	80 °C
Vicat B1	85 °C
Heat transfer coefficient (λ)	0.16 W/(m·K)
Effective heat of combustion	17.95 MJ/kg
Linear expansion coefficient (α)	8 10-5/K
Specific heat (c) Thermal conductivity Specific Gravity Tenacity	0.9 kJ/(kg·K) .74 W/m.k 1.4 24-27 cN/tex
Water absorption (ASTM)	0.04-0.4
Price	0.5-1.25 €/kg
Deformation temperature at 10 kN needle load Acids No Effect Alkalis No Effect Organic Solvents No Effect by alcohols,ether,petroleum hydrocarbons.

Swelled by toluene,trichloroethylene,benzene,carbon disulphide, ethyl acetate,acetone,chloroform,methylene chloride,nitrobenzene.

Also effected by phenols

Insects Completely resistant

Micro-organisms Completely resistant

Electrical Properties High dielectric constant Allergenic Properties Do not cause any irritation whan in

contact with the skin.

General Resistance to

bleaches,urine,perspiration,

Reducing agents,oxidizing agents.

Preparation

Polyvinyl chloride is produced by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride, as shown. Since about 57% of its mass is chlorine, creating a given mass of PVC requires less petroleum than many other polymers.

CARE INSTRUCTIONS

Do not pour hot water, or do not dry near a stove. Do not iron clothing of general polyvinyl chloride fibers.

Polyurethane & Spandex Fiber

A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polymer comprised of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane.

Spandex Fiber Characteristics

• Can be stretched repeatedly and still recover to very near its original length and shape
• Generally, can be stretched more than 500% without breaking
• Stronger, more durable and higher retractive force than rubber
• Lightweight, soft, smooth, supple
• In garments, provides a combination of comfort and fit, prevents bagging and sagging
• Heat-settable — facilitates transforming puckered fabrics into flat fabrics, or flat fabrics into permanent rounded shapes
• Dyeable
• Resistant to deterioration by body oils, perspiration, lotions or detergents
• Abrasion resistant
• When fabrics containing spandex are sewn, the needle causes little or no damage from “needle cutting” compared to the older types of elastic materials
• Available in fiber diameters ranging from 10 denier to 2500 denier
• Available in clear and opaque lusters

END-USES

• Apparel and clothing articles where stretch is desired, generally for comfort and fit, such as:
  
  
  • athletic, aerobic, and exercise apparel wetsuits
  • swimsuits/bathing suits disco jeans
  • slacks ski pants
  • hosiery belts
  • netball bodysuits skinny jeans
  • competitive swimwear socks
  • leggings underwear
  • brassiere straps and bra side panels
    
    
• Compression garments such as:
  
  
  • surgical hose support hose
  • cycling shorts wrestling singlet
  • one piece rowing suits foundation garments
  • motion capture suits
  
  
• Shaped garments such as bra cups
• Home furnishings, such as microbead pillows

General Spandex Fiber Care Tips

• Hand or machine wash in lukewarm water
• Do not use chlorine bleach on any fabric containing spandex. Use oxygen or sodium perborate type bleach
• Rise thoroughly
• Drip dry. If machine dried, use low temperature
• Ironing, if required, should be done rapidly. Do not leave the iron too long in one position. Use low temperatures setting.

Polyamide

(Aramids)( Nylon)

Polyamides are polymers which contain recurring amide groups as integral parts of the main polymer chain.

Types of Polyamide: a) Aramid

b) Nylon

Aramid

Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric, and as an asbestos substitute. The name is a shortened form of "aromatic polyamide". They are fibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the fiber axis, so the strength of the chemical bond can be exploited.

Properties

Aramids share a high degree of orientation with other fibers such as Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a characteristic which dominates their properties.

• good resistance to abrasion
• good resistance to organic solvents
• nonconductive
• no melting point, degradation starts from 500°C
• low flammability
• good fabric integrity at elevated temperatures
• sensitive to acids and salts
• sensitive to ultraviolet radiation
• prone to static build-up unless finished
  
  
  Uses
• flame-resistant clothing
• heat protective clothing and helmets
• body armor, competing with PE based fiber products such as Dyneema and Spectra
• composite materials
• asbestos replacement (e.g. braking pads)
• hot air filtration fabrics
• tires, newly as Sulfron (sulfur modified Twaron)
• mechanical rubber goods reinforcement
• tennis strings (e.g. by Ashaway and Prince tennis companies)
• hockey sticks (normally in composition with such materials as wood and carbon)

Nylon

Nylon

Nylon was the first truly synthetic fiber to be commercialized (1939). Nylon was developed in the 1930s by scientists at Du Pont, headed by an American chemist Wallace Hume Caruthers (1896-1937). It is a polyamide fiber, derived from a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, because a variety of diamines and dicarboxylic acids can be produced, there are a very large number of polyamide materials available to produce nylon fibers. The two most common versions are nylon 66 (polyhexamethylene adiamide) and nylon 6 (Polycaprolactam, a cyclic nylon intermediate). Raw materials for these are variable and sources used commercially are benzene (from coke production or oil refining), furfural (from oat hulls or corn cobs) or 1,4-butadiene (from oil refining). The chemical reactions are as follows :

PROPERTIES OF NYLON 66

-Tenacity-elongation at break ranges from 8.8g/d-18% to 4.3 g/d-45%. Its tensile strength is higher than that of wool, silk, rayon, or cotton.

• 100% elastic under 8% of extension
  -Specific gravity of 1.14
  -Melting point of 263oC
  -Extremely chemically stable
  -No mildew or bacterial effects
  -4 - 4.5% of moisture regain
  -Degraded by light as natural fibers
  -Permanent set by heat and steam
  -Abrasion resistant
  -Lustrous- Nylon fibers have the luster of silk
  -Easy to wash
  -Can be pre colored or dyed in wide range of colors; dyes are applied to the molten mass of nylon or to the yarn or finished fabric.
  -Resilient
  -Filament yarn provides smooth, soft, long lasting fabrics
  -Spun yarn lend fabrics light weight and warmth
  
  
  PROPERTIES OF NYLON 6
  
  
  The main difference between nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 is nylon 6 has a much lower melting point than nylon 66. This is a serious disadvantage, as garments made from it must be ironed with considerable care .
  

  CARE INSTRUCTIONS

  
  
  A white cloth of nylon fibers tends to yellow gradually, not so severe as silk fibers, by exposing ultraviolet ray (sunlight). To prevent this phenomenon, a variety of countermeasures has been made. Recently, the yellowing has been improved considerably. A white cloth should be dried in the shade (nylon fibers can be dried fast even in the shade due to their characteristics). Nylon fabrics should be ironed at the low temperature.
  
  

  END-USES OF NYLON

  
  
  [FOR CLOTHING]
  Pantyhose, Socks, Ski Wear, Swimsuits, Sports Wear, Casual Wear, Lingerie, Women's Underwear, Rain Wear, Linings, etc.
  
  
  [FOR HOME USES]
  Cloth for Bags, Cover Cloth for Futon (Japanese Bedding), Furoshiki (Square Cloth for Wrapping Things), Cloth for Umbrella, Sewing Threads, Teeth Brush, Interlinings, etc.
  
  
  [FOR HOME FURNISHING]
  Carpets, Automotive Rugs, Upholstery, Artificial Turves, Rugs, etc.
  
  
  [FOR INDUSTRIAL USES]
  Tire Cords, Automotive Airbags, Fishing Nets, Fishing line, Computer Ribbon, Hoses, Industrial Sewing Thread, Footwear, Automotive Furnishings, Substrate for Synthetic Leather, etc.
  

  Acetate fiber and triacetate fiber

  
  
  Acetate and triacetate are mistakenly referred to as the same fiber; although they are similar, their chemical compounds differ. Triacetate is known as a generic description or primary acetate containing no hydroxyl group. Acetate fiber is known as modified or secondary acetate having a few hydroxyl groups.
  
  
  

  Fiber properties

  
  
  • Hand: soft, smooth, dry, crisp, resilient
  • Comfort: breathes, wicks, dries quickly, no static cling
  • Drape: linings move with the body linings conform to the garment
  • Color: deep brilliant shades with atmospheric dyeing meet colorfastness requirements
  • Luster: light reflection creates a signature appearance
  • Performance: colorfast to perspiration staining, colorfast to dry cleaning, air and vapor permeable
  • Tenacity: weak fiber with breaking tenacity of 1.2 to 1.4 g/d; rapidly loses strength when wet; must be dry cleaned
  • Environmentally friendly: made from wood pulp, a renewable resource
  • Abrasion: poor resistance
  • Heat retention: poor thermal retention; no allergenic potential (hypoallergenic)
  • Dyeability: (two methods) cross-dying method where yarns of one fiber and those of another fiber are woven into a fabric in a desired pattern; solution-dying method provides excellent color fastness under the effects of sunlight, perspiration, air contaminants and washing
    
    

    Acetate fiber characteristics

    
    
  • cellulosic and thermoplastic
  • selective absorption and removal of low levels of certain organic chemicals
  • easily bonded with plasticizers, heat, and pressure
  • acetate is soluble in many common solvents (especially acetone and other organic solvents) and can be modified to be soluble in alternative solvents, including water
  • hydrophilic: acetate wets easily, with good liquid transport and excellent absorption; in textile applications, it provides comfort and absorbency, but also loses strength when wet
  • acetate fibers are hypoallergenic
  • high surface area
  • made from a renewable resource: wood pulp
  • can be composted or incinerated
  • can be dyed, however special dyes and pigments are required since acetate does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon (this also allows cross-dyeing)
  • resistant to mold and mildew
  • easily weakened by strong alkaline solutions and strong oxidizing agents.
  • can usually be wet cleaned or dry cleaned and generally does not shrink
    
    

    Major industrial acetate fiber uses

    
    
  • Apparel: linings, blouses, dresses, wedding and party attire, home furnishings, draperies, upholstery and slip covers.
  • Industrial uses: cigarette filters, ink reservoirs for fiber tip pens.
  • High absorbency products: diapers, surgical products, and other filters.
  • The original Lego bricks were manufactured from cellulose acetate from 1949 to 1963.
    
    

    Triacetate Fiber Characteristics

    
    
    • Shrink resistant
    • Wrinkle resistant
    • Easily washed
    • Fabrics made from triacetate fibers maintain pleat retention and a crisp finish
    • Develop their most valuable characteristics by heat treatments that are included as a part of their normal finishing
      
      

      Some Major Triacetate Fiber Uses

      • Apparel: Dresses, skirts, sportswear, particularly where pleat-retention is important.
      
      

      Care Instruction

      
      
      Care should be taken to use chemical solvents such as acetone and thinner in stain removal, because acetate/triacetate fibers may be dissolved in these solvents.
      
      

      Acrylic

      
      
      It is a manufactured synthetic fiber in which the fiber forming substance is a very long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% acrylonitrile units by weight.
      

      Properties

      
      
  • Tenacity: dry- 5gm/den, wet-4.8 gm/den
  • Elongation: dry-16%, wet-17%,
  • Specific gravity: 1.17
  • Resiliency: good
  • Abrasion resistance: good
  • Effect of acids: damage by strong concentrated acids. Good resistance to mineral acids.
  • Alkali: resistance to weak alkali but affected by strong alkali
  • Solvents: resistance to common solvents
  • Bleaches: resistant to bleach
  • Heat: most heat sensitive

    Uses of acrylic

    • All acrylic fibers used in knitted and woven fabrics.
    • Blends of acrylic fibres with wool, cotton etc. is prevalent on the market.
    • Bulky, soft and light fabrics are produced from acrylic.
    • End uses such as blankets, carpets and upholstery are excellent for acrylic.
      
      
      CARE INSTRUCTIONS
      In the laundering of knitted products, care should be taken not to deform the shape. In particular, wash bulky knitted products with hands, fully squeeze with bath towel, and screen dry in a well ventilated place. Thus the bulky knitted products dry fast without deformation. If the products is directly ironed at a high temperature, the product may damage its fabric hand or may shrink with heating. The products should be ironed with a floating steam iron to restore the shape. Since products of acrylic fibers are particularly sensitive to heat, avoid to use a tumble dryer (hot air dryer). To iron the products, iron with an iron cloth at a low temperature.
      
      

      Modacrylic

      Modified polyacrylonitrile fibers are generally referred to as modacrylic fibers. Modified polyacrylonitrile fibers must be composed of at least 35% but not more than 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units. The remaining percentage of their respective polymer system is a polymer which males the dyeing and printing of this fiber easier.
      Uses
    • In manufacturing pile fabrics e. g. blanket, travel, cloths etc.
    • In manufacturing knitwear i. e. sports, shirts, children garments.
    • In making carpets and used in upholstery.
    • Industrially used in filter cloths and protective cloth.
      
      

      Polychlal fiber

      Fibers manufactured by copolymerization of polyvinyl alcohol with polyvinyl chloride. Specific gravity, moisture absorption, tensile strength and thermal properties are intermediate between those of Vynilon fiber and polyvinyl chloride fibers. Polychlal fiber is flame resistant similar to the polyvinyl chloride fiber. Polychlal fiber is widely used for household applications such as curtains and carpets.

      Polychlal fiber

      Fibers manufactured by copolymerization of polyvinyl alcohol with polyvinyl chloride. Specific gravity, moisture absorption, tensile strength and thermal properties are intermediate between those of Vynilon fiber and polyvinyl chloride fibers. Polychlal fiber is flame resistant similar to the polyvinyl chloride fiber. Polychlal fiber is widely used for household applications such as curtains and carpets.
      
      

      Characteristics

    • Soft and superior in warmth retention property.
    • Proper moisture absorption.
    • Superior in resistance to chemical agents
    • Flame retardant
      
      

      Uses

    • FOR CLOTHING:Fabric for Women's and Children's Dress, Knitted Underwear, etc.
    • FOR HOME FURNISHINGS:Curtains, Carpets, Sheets, etc.
      
      

      CARE INSTRUCTIONS

      Do not use chlorinated bleaching agents.
      
      

      Vinylon

      
      
      Vinylon is a synthetic fiber spun from PVA, its properties are similar to that of cotton. Compared with cotton, vinylon has stronger tenacity and elongation, better abrasive resistance, stronger hygroscopicity, and better heat preservation, and it has better resistance to chemical corrosion, sunlight, moth, mold, and radiation as well. Vinylon can be spun with cotton or other fibers into knitting goods and other cloth. It is also used as industrial fiber for the manufacture of tire cord, conveyer, fire hose, fish net, ropes, canvas, filter cloth, and rubber items etc.
      
      
      CARE INSTRUCTIONS
      Vinylon products may become rather hard or yellow, if ironed in wet condition. Please iron after complete drying.
      
      

      Usage

      
      
      For high alkali condition and rubber industry.
      
      
      
      
      

      Properties

      Tensile strength: is worse than polyester. Elongation: 12%-25%.
      Flexibility: poor,
      Its shape maintaining ability: poor, Wear resistance: not bad,
      Durability: 1-2 times than the Cotton.
      
      
      But one of its biggest advantages is that it can endure strong alkali condition, and has good moisture absorbing, easily combined with rubber, it is one of the good fitting materials in rubber industry.
      
      
      Two of its shortcoming is: enduring temperature is lower, it has contracted under 100 °C; can not endure acid condition.
      
      
      
      
      Vinylidene
      Ralph Wiley, a Dow Chemical lab worker, accidentally discovered polyvinylidene chloride in 1933. While cleaning laboratory glassware, he came across a vial he could not scrub clean. Dow researchers made this material into a greasy, dark green film, first called "Eonite" and then "Saran”. The military sprayed Saran on fighter planes to guard against salty sea spray and carmakers used it for upholstery. Dow later devised a formulation of polyvinylidene chloride free of unpleasant odour and green colour.The most well known use of polyvinylidene chloride came in 1953, when Saran Wrap, a plastic food wrap was introduced. In 2004, however, the formula was changed to low density polyethylene due to environmental concerns about its chlorine content.
      
      

      Fiber properties

      Vinylidene
      Ralph Wiley, a Dow Chemical lab worker, accidentally discovered polyvinylidene chloride in 1933. While cleaning laboratory glassware, he came across a vial he could not scrub clean. Dow researchers made this material into a greasy, dark green film, first called "Eonite" and then "Saran”. The military sprayed Saran on fighter planes to guard against salty sea spray and carmakers used it for upholstery. Dow later devised a formulation of polyvinylidene chloride free of unpleasant odour and green colour.The most well known use of polyvinylidene chloride came in 1953, when Saran Wrap, a plastic food wrap was introduced. In 2004, however, the formula was changed to low density polyethylene due to environmental concerns about its chlorine content.
      
      

      Fiber properties

      
      
      • Saran fiber is a heavy fiber.
      • It is a remarkable barrier against water, oxygen and aromas,
      • has superior chemical resistance to alkalis and acids,
      • is insoluble in oil and organic solvents,
      • has very low moisture regain and is impervious to mold, bacteria, and insects.
      • Saran fiber has a high elastic recovery and resists wrinkling and creasing.
      • Because it is pigment dyed before fiber spinning,
      • it has excellent colorfastness and high light permeability.
      • Saran is also flame-retardant and self extinguishing,
      • it may soften or char in flame, and decomposes in moderate heat
      • Saran fiber is a heavy fiber.
      • It is a remarkable barrier against water, oxygen and aromas,
      • has superior chemical resistance to alkalis and acids,
      • is insoluble in oil and organic solvents,
      • has very low moisture regain and is impervious to mold, bacteria, and insects.
      • Saran fiber has a high elastic recovery and resists wrinkling and creasing.
      • Because it is pigment dyed before fiber spinning,
      • it has excellent colorfastness and high light permeability.
      • Saran is also flame-retardant and self extinguishing,
      • it may soften or char in flame, and decomposes in moderate heat
      
      

      Use

      
      
      • Polyvinylidene chloride is applied as a water-based coating to other plastic films such as biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and polyester (PET). This coating increases the barrier properties of the film, reducing the permeability of the film to oxygen and flavours and thus extending the shelf life of the food inside the package.
      • Cleaning cloths, filters, screens, tape, shower curtains, garden furniture.
      • Polyvinylidene chloride is applied as a water-based coating to other plastic films such as biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and polyester (PET). This coating increases the barrier properties of the film, reducing the permeability of the film to oxygen and flavours and thus extending the shelf life of the food inside the package.
      • Cleaning cloths, filters, screens, tape, shower curtains, garden furniture.
      • Screens, artificial turf, waste-water treatment materials, underground materials.
      • Doll hair, stuffed animals, fabrics, fishnet, shoe insoles.
      • Screens, artificial turf, waste-water treatment materials, underground materials.
      • Doll hair, stuffed animals, fabrics, fishnet, shoe insoles.
      
      
      
      
      Vinyon
      
      
      
      
      Vinyon is a synthetic fiber made from polyvinyl chloride. In some countries other than the United States, vinyon fibers are referred to as polyvinyl chloride fibers. It can bind non- woven fibers and fabrics. It was invented in 1939.
      
      
      It has the same health problems associated with chlorinated polymers. In the past, Vinyon was used a substitute for plant-based filters in tea bags.
      
      

      Characteristics

      Vinyon is a synthetic fiber made from polyvinyl chloride. In some countries other than the United States, vinyon fibers are referred to as polyvinyl chloride fibers. It can bind non- woven fibers and fabrics. It was invented in 1939.
      
      
      It has the same health problems associated with chlorinated polymers. In the past, Vinyon was used a substitute for plant-based filters in tea bags.
      
      

      Characteristics

      
      
      • doesn't flame, but softens at low temperatures(55 C)
      • high resistance to chemicals
      • Moisture absorption is less than 0.5% and moisture regained is less than 0.1%
      • doesn't flame, but softens at low temperatures(55 C)
      • high resistance to chemicals
      • Moisture absorption is less than 0.5% and moisture regained is less than 0.1%
      
      
      
      

      Polyvinylidene

      
      
      Fibers manufactured by copolymerization of polyvinyl chloride with polyvinylidene chloride. Resistant in chemical agents, abrasion and high in specific gravity. Widely used for household and industrial applications. However not used for clothing. Superior in sound transmission.
      High-tenacity polyethylene fibers produced with a special manufacturing procedure are three times strong than (high-tenacity) nylon fibers and are used for an anchoring rope.
      END-USES
      
      
      Blinds, Artificial Turves, Curtains, Radio Grille, Brushes, Filter Cloth, Fishing Nets, Ropes, etc.
      FEATURES
      
      
      • Resistant to chemical agents such as acid and alkali. Does not absorb water and moisture completely.
        
        
      • Superior in sound transmission.
        
        
      • Flame Retardant.
        
        
      • Heaviest among all fibers (1.70 in specific gravity).
        
        

        Olefin Fiber/PolyOlefin Fiber (Polypropylene) (Polyethylene)

        
        
        A manufactured fiber in which the fiberforming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units, except amorphous (non-crystalline) polyolefins qualifying as Rubber.
        Mainly two types: Polyethylene fiber
        Polypropylene fiber
        
        
        Polyethylene
        
        
        Fibers manufactured from polyethylene produced by polymerizing ethylene.
        
        

        END-USES

        
        
        Insect-proofing Nets, Cords and Strings, Fishing Nets, Ropes, Fishing line, Filter Cloth, Threads for sewing Tatami Mats, etc.

        FEATURES

        
        
    • Strong, resistant to chemical agents little water and moisture absorbent.
    • Light (0.94~0.96 in specific gravity) fibers next to polypropylene fibers.
    • Poor in thermal resistance.
      
      
      Polypropylene
      
      
      Polypropylene fibers are manufactured by polymerization of propylene produced by purifying the petroleum.
      
      

      END-USES

      [FOR CLOTHING]
      Socks, Thermal Underwear, Swimsuits, etc.
      
      
      [FOR HOME FURNISHINGS]
      Medical supplies, Carpets, Automotive Rugs, Braids, etc.
      
      
      [FOR INDUSTRIAL USES]
      Fishing Nets, Ropes, Filter Cloth, V-belts, Water-proofed Sheets, Nets for Construction, etc.

      FEATURES

    • The specific gravity is 0.91, lightest in weight among all fibers. One of the very strong fibers.
    • Little moisture and water absorption. Quickly dryable even it is wet. Superior in warmth retention thanks to the low heat transfer rate.
    • Resistant to acid and alkaline chemicals.
    • Thermoplastics
    
    
    CARE INSTRUCTIONS
    
    
    Wash with water avoiding the drycleaning. Avoid tumble drying (hot air dryer), iron at low temperature and use an iron cloth, because polypropylene fiber is heat sensitive and tends to be deformed by heating.
    
    

    Rayon

    (VISCOSE)( CUPRO)
    
    
    A manufacture fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15 percent of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups.
    This definition includes three types of regenerated cellulose fiber in production today, i.e.
     VISCOSE RAYON
     CUPRAMMONIUM RAYON/ CUPRO 
      SAPONIFIED CELLULOSE ACETATE
    
    

    

    A sample of rayon	Another skirt with a	A blouse with a texture
    from a skirt, photographed	different texture	similar to the second.
    with a macro lens

    STRUCTURE OF RAYON
    
    
    Parameters Cotton Viscose Polyester
    
    

    Comfort
    Moisture Regain	Good	Very good	Poor
    Thermal protection	Good	Very good	Poor
    Air permeability	Very good	Good	Poor
    Softness	Good	Very good	Poor
    Smoothness	Poor	Good	Very good
    Static dissipation	Good	Very good	Poor
    Aesthetic
    Drape	Good	Very good	Poor
    Luster	Poor	Very good	Very good
    Crease recovery	Poor	Poor	Very good
    Uniformity	Poor	Very good	Good
    Utility Performance
    Antipilling	Good	Very good	Poor
    Wash & wear	Good	Poor	Very good

    
    
    VISCOSE RAYON
    
    
    As viscose is the most common and recognized process for making rayon today, the process is outlined below. , the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) prefers the name viscose for rayon (regenerated cellulose) obtained by the viscose process. The name viscose was derived from the word viscous, which describes the liquid state of the spinning solution.
    
    Figure 1: Process of manufacture of viscose rayon fiber
    
    
    CUPRAMMONIUM RAYON
    
    
    Cupramonium Rayon is another type with properties similar to those of viscose or regular rayon. The manufacturing process differs somewhat from that of regular rayon and is less environmentally friendly. By contrast, the cuprammonium rayon fibers are made from cotton linters as main raw material.The cuprammonium rayon fibers are manufactured in fine yarn and used, in large quantities, for tricot fabrics and thin fabrics, because they are flexible and in good tactile feeling to the human skin. The cuprammonium rayon fiber are manufactured mainly in filament yarn but are also manufactured, in a little quantity, in staple fibers.
    
    SAPONIFIED CELLULOSE ACETATE
    
    
    Rayon can be produced from cellulose acetate yarns by saponification. A high degree of orientation can be given to the fiber by drawing because of the fact that cellulose acetate is more plastic in nature. Its fiber cross section is nearly round, but lobed.
    
    
    
    Characteristics of Rayon
    
    
  • Highly absorbent
  • Soft and comfortable
  • Easy to dye
  • Versatile
  • Good drapability
    
    
    Uses of Rayon
    
    
  • Apparel: Blouses, coats, dresses, jackets, lingerie, linings, millinery. rainwear, slacks, sports shirts, sportswear, suits, ties, work clothes.
  • Home Furnishings: Bedspreads, blankets, carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets, slipcovers, tablecloths, upholstery.
  • Other: Industrial products, medical,: surgical products, non-woven products, tire cord.

Polynosic fiber/Modal

The manufacturing process of polynosic fibers is nearly the same as that of rayon fibers. However, the wet tenacity is improved and has both similar characteristics of cotton fibers and excellence of silk fibers.

END-USES

[FOR CLOTHING]

Fabrics for Women's Wear, Interlinings, Shirts, Blouses, Sport Pants, Working Wear, Towel, Sheets, etc.

[FOR HOME FURNISHINGS AND BEDDING]

Carpets, Cover for Home Furnishings, Blankets, Sheets, Bedclothes, etc.

[FOR INDUSTRIAL USES]

Cover of Electric Wire, Canvas, etc.

[FOR OTHER USES]

Handicraft Yarns, Bags, Cloth for Textile Shoes, Substrate Cloth for Rubber Coated Fabrics, etc.

FEATURES

• Fabrics of fine count/denier yarn is possible thanks to the high tenacity. Thus, polynosic fabrics have excellent luster as the silk fabric and dry tactile feeling. In addition, because polynosic fibers are friendly with other types of fibers, they are suitable for blended and union cloth.
• Laundering will make little shrinkage and shape deformation.
• Resistant to acid and alkali. Fabrics blended with cotton may be mercerized or sanforized.
  
  

  Saran Fiber

  
  
  A manufactured fiber in which the fiberforming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 80% by weight of vinylidene chloride units, (-CH2-CCI2-)X.

  Characteristics and Uses

  
  
  Saran fibers wear well and resist common chemicals, sunlight, staining, fading, mildew and the weather. Fabrics made from Saran fibers can be easily washed with soap and water. They are non-flammable. Saran monofilaments are comparatively stiff and they soften at low temperatures. The fiber is heavy compared with most apparel fibers. Saran fibers are used for upholstery in public conveyances, deck chairs, garden furniture, etc. The weight of Saran fibers is too great for wide use as a general textile material.
  
  

  Promix Fiber

  
  
  Promix fibers are made by polymerization of acrylonitrile, a raw material of acrylic fibers, with natural animal casein (milk protein). They are one of semi-synthetic fibers. Promix fibers have an optimal moisture absorption, tactile feeling as silk fibers and beautiful luster.

  END-USES

  
  
  Japanese Traditional Dresses, Accessories for Japanese Traditional Dresses, Women's Dresses, Sweaters, Blouses, Neckties, Scarves, etc.

  FEATURES

  
  
• Promix fibers have warm tactile feeling extremely similar to silk fibers and beautiful luster.
• Excellent in resistance to weathering.
• A little resistant to insect but attackable with mold. Care should be taken to storage.

CARE INSTRUCTIONS

Do not use chlorinated bleaching agents. Avoid steam ironing.

Carbon fiber

Carbon fiber or carbon fibre (alternately called graphite fiber, graphite fibre or carbon graphite) is a material consisting of extremely thin fibers about 0.0002–0.0004 inches (0.005–

0.010 mm) in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber. The crystal alignment makes the fiber incredibly strong for its size. Several thousand carbon fibers are twisted together to form a yarn, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric.Carbon fiber has many different weave patterns and can be combined with a plastic resin and wound or molded to form composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (also referenced as carbon fiber) to provide a high strength-to-weight ratio material.

The density of carbon fiber is also considerably lower than the density of steel, making it ideal for applications requiring low weight.The properties of carbon fiber such as high tensile strength, low weight, and low thermal expansion make it very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports.

A 6 μm diameter carbon filament

(running from bottom left to top right) compared to a human hair.

END-USES

Sporting Goods such as Golf Shaft, Fishing Rods, Tennis Rackets, Skis, Archery, Yachts, Boats, Racing Cars, Motorcycles, Bicycles, etc. Construction Materials in the Field of Aerospace and Space Shuttles: Spring Plate, Brakes, X-ray Instruments, Precision Equipment, Reinforcement Materials of Concrete, Heat Insulating Material, etc.

FEATURES

 High tensile strength and little extension even by pulling fibers.  Excellent in resistance to abrasion and dimensional stability.

 Excellent in resistance to heat and to chemical agents.  Excellent in electrical conductivity.

Metallic fiber

Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-coated metal, metal- coated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal. Gold and silver have been used since ancient times as yarns for fabric decoration. More recently, aluminum yarns, aluminized plastic yarns, and aluminized nylon yarns have replaced gold and silver. Metallic filaments can be coated with transparent films to minimize tarnishing. A common film is Lurex polyester.

Properties

Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing. When suitable adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water, chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions. If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned, if there is no care label. Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron, especially at high tempatures, can melt the fibers.

Uses

The most common uses for metallic fibers is upholstery fabric and textiles such as lamé and brocade. Many people also use metallic fibers in weaving and needlepoint. Increasingly common today are metaillic fibers in clothing, anything from party and evening wear to club clothing, cold weather and survival clothing, and everyday wear. Metallic yarns are woven, braided, and knit into many fashionable fabrics and trims. For additional variety, metallic yarns are twisted with other fibers such as wool, nylon, cotton, and synthetic blends to produce yarns which add novelty effects to the end cloth or trim. Stainless steel and other metal fibers are used in communication lines such as phone lines and cable television lines. Stainless steel fibers are also used in carpets. They are dispersed throughout the carpet with other fibers so they are not detected. The presence of the fibers helps to conduct electricity so that the static shock is reduced. These types of carpets are often used in computer-use areas where the chance of producing static is much greater. Other uses include tire cord, missile nose cones, work clothing such as protective suits, space suits, and cut resistant gloves for butchers and other people working near bladed or dangerous machinery.

Fiberglass

Fiberglass, (also called fibreglass and glass fibre), is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called "fiberglass" in popular usage. Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible with the invention of finer machine-tooling. In 1893, Edward Drummond Libbey exhibited a dress at the World's Columbian Exposition incorporating glass fibers with the diameter and texture of silk fibers.

Molecular Structure of Glass

Bundle of fiberglass

FEATURES

.

.

 High tensile strength, excellent resistance to heat, and flame retardancy.  Excellent heat- and electric-insulating.

 No water absorption

 Very resistant to acid and other chemical agents. Non-attackable by molds and insects

END-USES

Lamp Shade, Curtains, Insulators and Heat-Insulating Materials for TV, Washing Machines, Refrigerators, Reinforced Plastic (Pipes, Sport Cars, Motor Boats, Skis, Fishing Rods, Bath Tubs, Septic Tanks, etc.), Building Materials, etc.

Conclusion

In the finishing of assignment we can easily understand that chemical fiber is very important for us not only in our daily useages but also in practical & industrial purposes. We have also learned a lot of things by finishing our job or chemical fiber. Now we are well known about the use of chemical fiber, properties,characteristics etc. Avobe all by doing these assignment All together we understood that “Unity is the base of all success.”

RefeRences

 Book souRces

1. Complete Textile Glossary (Celanese Acetate, largest acetate producer)
2. Fairchild’s Dictionary of Textiles by Dr. Isabel/B.Wingate

1. Fairchild’s Dictionary of Textiles by Phyllis G.Tortora/Robert S.Merkel

2. Textile Terms and Definition by Textile iNSTITUTE

3. Introduction to Textiles by Mary L. Cowan/Martha E. Jungerman
4. Apparel Fibres by Nazirul Islam
5. Textile Fibres by V.A. Shenai
6. Textile Fibres by M.A. Sayem
7. Handbook of Textile Fibers by J. Gordon Cook
8. Fibre Chemistry (Vol-36,K.E. Perepelkin)

9. TUFTED CARPET Textile Fibers, Dyes, Finishes,and Processes by Von Moody/ Howard L. Needles

10. TRM-2,Class Lecture (Edited by Md.Moshiour Rahman)
11. Man Made fibers by R.W.Moncrieff
12. Man Made fibers Science and Technology (Edited by H.F.Mark,S.M.Atlas,E.Cernia) Vol-1,2,3

13. Dyes and Dyeing Glossary(Net)

WeB souRce

(minimum 300 source)

1. www.jcfa.gr.jp/english/7_seni.html(Types of Chemical Fibers)
2. http://www.ruihenhttp://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2006nylon.htm
3. http://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2006nylon.htm
4. http://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2005acrylic.htm
5. http://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2005polyester.htm
6. http://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2006polyester.htm
7. http://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2005acrylic.htm
8. http://www.ruihengintl.com/2007chemicalfibermeeting/2006nylon.htm
9. www.fibersource.com.
10. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose_acetate
11. student.britannica.com/comptons/article-200641/man-made-fiber
12. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiber
13. www.carbonfibergear.com
14. www.jcfa.gr.jp/english/cs/seni/e_cupro.html
15. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass